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class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;SISTEMA GPS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introdu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com a revolu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da era espacial, da ci&amp;ecirc;ncia, muitos outros campos evolu&amp;iacute;ram, em destaque os m&amp;eacute;todos de posicionamento terrestre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em meados da d&amp;eacute;cada de setenta, o departamento de defesa dos EUA, criou um sistema de posicionamento instant&amp;acirc;neo para fins militares, quem informava ao usu&amp;aacute;rio a velocidade e a posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de um ponto praticamente em todo o globo terrestre, chamado GPS (Global Positioning System).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nesta mesma &amp;eacute;poca, sua aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o foi estendida para a &amp;aacute;rea civil, e com o passar dos anos o GPS, sofreu grandes evolu&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es assim como outros equipamentos da &amp;aacute;rea eletr&amp;ocirc;nica e computacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hoje o GPS representa uma grande alternativa de posicionamento, em diversas &amp;aacute;reas como: Atividades agr&amp;iacute;colas e florestais, cartografia, ci&amp;ecirc;ncias e muitos outros tipos de trabalho.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;O QUE &amp;Eacute; O GPS?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;GPS (Global Positioning System) &amp;eacute; a abreviatura de NAVSTAR GPS (NAVSTAR GPS-NAVigation System with Time And Ranging Global Positioning System). &amp;Eacute; um sistema de radionavega&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o baseado em sat&amp;eacute;lites desenvolvido e controlado pelo departamento de defesa dos Estados Unidos da Am&amp;eacute;rica (U.S.DoD) que permite a qualquer utilizador saber a sua localiza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, velocidade e tempo, 24 horas por dia, sob quaisquer condi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es atmosf&amp;eacute;ricas e em qualquer ponto do globo terrestre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Depois da segunda guerra mundial, o U.S.DoD empenhou-se em encontrar uma solu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o para o problema do posicionamento preciso e absoluto. Decorreram v&amp;aacute;rios projectos e experi&amp;ecirc;ncias durante os seguintes 25 anos, incluindo Loran, Transit etc. Todos permitiam determinar a posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o mas eram limitados em precis&amp;atilde;o ou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;funcionalidade. No come&amp;ccedil;o da d&amp;eacute;cada de 70, um novo projecto foi proposto, o GPS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;COMPONENTES DO SISTEMA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O GPS tem tr&amp;ecirc;s componentes: a espacial, a de controlo e a do utilizador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A componente espacial &amp;eacute; constitu&amp;iacute;da por uma constela&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de 24 sat&amp;eacute;lites em &amp;oacute;rbita terrestre aproximadamente a 20200 km com um per&amp;iacute;odo de 12h siderais e distribu&amp;iacute;dos por 6 planos orbitais. Estes planos est&amp;atilde;o separados entre si por cerca de 60&amp;ordm; em longitude e t&amp;ecirc;m inclina&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es pr&amp;oacute;ximas dos 55&amp;ordm; em rela&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o ao plano equatorial terrestre. Foi concebida por forma a que existam no m&amp;iacute;nimo 4 sat&amp;eacute;lites vis&amp;iacute;veis acima do horizonte em qualquer ponto da superf&amp;iacute;cie e em qualquer altura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A componente de controle &amp;eacute; constitu&amp;iacute;da por 5 esta&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de rastreio distribu&amp;iacute;das ao longo do globo e uma esta&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de controlo principal (MCS- Master Control Station). Esta componente rastreia os sat&amp;eacute;lites, atualiza as suas posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es orbitais e calibra e sincroniza os seus rel&amp;oacute;gios. Outra fun&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o importante &amp;eacute; determinar as &amp;oacute;rbitas de cada sat&amp;eacute;lite e prever a sua trajet&amp;oacute;ria nas 24h seguintes. Esta informa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o &amp;eacute; enviada para cada sat&amp;eacute;lite para depois ser transmitida por este, informando o receptor do local onde &amp;eacute; poss&amp;iacute;vel encontrar o sat&amp;eacute;lite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A componente do utilizador inclui todos aqueles que usam um receptor GPS para receber e converter o sinal GPS em posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, velocidade e tempo. Inclui ainda todos elementos necess&amp;aacute;rios neste processo como as antenas e software de processamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;COMO FUNCIONA?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os fundamentos b&amp;aacute;sicos do GPS baseiam-se na determina&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da dist&amp;acirc;ncia entre um ponto, o receptor, a outros de refer&amp;ecirc;ncia, os sat&amp;eacute;lites. Sabendo a dist&amp;acirc;ncia que nos separa de 3 pontos podemos determinar a nossa posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o relativa a esses mesmos 3 pontos atrav&amp;eacute;s da intersec&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de 3 circunfer&amp;ecirc;ncias cujos raios s&amp;atilde;o as distancias medidas entre o receptor e os sat&amp;eacute;lites. Na realidade s&amp;atilde;o necess&amp;aacute;rios no m&amp;iacute;nimo 4 sat&amp;eacute;lites para determinar a nossa posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o correctamente, mas deixemos isso para depois.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Cada sat&amp;eacute;lite transmite um sinal que &amp;eacute; recebido pelo receptor, este por sua vez mede o tempo que os sinais demoram a chegar at&amp;eacute; ele. Multiplicando o tempo medido pela velocidade do sinal (a velocidade da luz), obtemos a dist&amp;acirc;ncia receptor-sat&amp;eacute;lite, (Distancia= Velocidade x Tempo).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;No entanto o posicionamento com auxilio de sat&amp;eacute;lites n&amp;atilde;o &amp;eacute; assim t&amp;atilde;o simples. Obter a medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o precisa da dist&amp;acirc;ncia n&amp;atilde;o &amp;eacute; tarefa f&amp;aacute;cil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A dist&amp;acirc;ncia pode ser determinada atrav&amp;eacute;s dos c&amp;oacute;digos modulados na onda enviada pelo sat&amp;eacute;lite (c&amp;oacute;digos C/A e P), ou pela integra&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da fase de batimento da onda portadora.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Esses c&amp;oacute;digos s&amp;atilde;o t&amp;atilde;o complicados que mais parecem ser um ru&amp;iacute;do pseudo-aleat&amp;oacute;rio (PRN-Pseudo-Random Noise), mas de facto eles tem uma sequ&amp;ecirc;ncia l&amp;oacute;gica. O receptor foi preparado de modo a que somente decifre esses c&amp;oacute;digos e mais nenhum, deste modo ele est&amp;aacute; imune a interfer&amp;ecirc;ncias geradas quer por fontes radio naturais quer por fontes radio intencionais, ser&amp;aacute; esta uma das raz&amp;otilde;es para a complexidade dos c&amp;oacute;digos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Como o c&amp;oacute;digo P est&amp;aacute; intencionalmente reservado para os utilizadores autorizados pelo governo norte americano, (for&amp;ccedil;as militares norte americanas e aliados) os utilizadores &amp;ldquo;civis&amp;rdquo; s&amp;oacute; podem determinar a distancia atrav&amp;eacute;s da sintonia do c&amp;oacute;digo C/A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;A distancia &amp;eacute; determinada da seguinte forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O c&amp;oacute;digo C/A &amp;eacute; gerado por um algoritmo pseudo-aleat&amp;oacute;rio com um per&amp;iacute;odo de 0,001 segundos e usa o tempo dado pelos rel&amp;oacute;gios at&amp;ocirc;micos de alta precis&amp;atilde;o que est&amp;atilde;o no sat&amp;eacute;lite, o receptor que tamb&amp;eacute;m contem um rel&amp;oacute;gio, &amp;eacute; usado para gerar uma replica do c&amp;oacute;digo C/A. O c&amp;oacute;digo recebido &amp;eacute; depois correlacionado com vers&amp;otilde;es ligeiramente adiantadas ou atrasadas da replica local e deste modo consegue medir o tempo que o sinal levou a chegar ao receptor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Numa situa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o ideal com os rel&amp;oacute;gios do sat&amp;eacute;lite e do receptor perfeitamente sincronizados e a propaga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do sinal a ser feita no v&amp;aacute;cuo, o tempo de voo estaria perfeitamente determinado e por conseguinte a dist&amp;acirc;ncia medida correctamente. Geralmente esta dist&amp;acirc;ncia denomina-se por Pseudo-dist&amp;acirc;ncia por diferir da dist&amp;acirc;ncia verdadeira por influencia dos erros de sincroniza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o entre os rel&amp;oacute;gios do sat&amp;eacute;lite e do receptor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O outro m&amp;eacute;todo de determinar a dist&amp;acirc;ncia &amp;eacute; medindo o numero de ciclos decorridos desde o instante em que a portadora foi emitida e o instante em que foi recebida e se medir a diferen&amp;ccedil;a de fase.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O comprimento de onda da portadora &amp;eacute; muito mais curto que o comprimento do c&amp;oacute;digo C/A da&amp;iacute; que a medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da fase de batimento da onda portadora permita atingir um n&amp;iacute;vel de precis&amp;atilde;o muito superior &amp;agrave; precis&amp;atilde;o obtida para a dist&amp;acirc;ncia atrav&amp;eacute;s da pseudodistancia. No entanto p&amp;otilde;e-se um problema: o desconhecimento da ambig&amp;uuml;idade de ciclo, ou seja, o n&amp;ordm; total de ciclos completos decorridos desde que o sinal deixou o sat&amp;eacute;lite at&amp;eacute; ao instante da sintonia. As ambig&amp;uuml;idades de ciclo podem ser determinadas, (ver sec&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o Fontes de erro: solu&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es). Existe uma ambig&amp;uuml;idade de ciclo por cada par receptor-sat&amp;eacute;lite desde que n&amp;atilde;o haja saltos de ciclo (cycle slips), i.e., perda moment&amp;acirc;nea de sinal, neste caso uma nova ambig&amp;uuml;idade &amp;eacute; adicionada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Depois deste pequeno estudo podemos concluir que o problema da dessincroniza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o dos rel&amp;oacute;gios dos sat&amp;eacute;lites e dos receptores &amp;eacute; pertinente, no entanto os idealizadores do GPS arranjaram uma forma de contornar esse problema: fazer uma medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o extra para outro sat&amp;eacute;lite! Para determinarmos a nossa posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o tridimensional corretamente temos que resolver um sistema de 3 equa&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es a 4 inc&amp;oacute;gnitas (X,Y,Z e o tempo) ent&amp;atilde;o o truque &amp;eacute; adicionar uma nova medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, ou seja, uma nova equa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o e temos o sistema resolvido!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;FONTES DE ERRO: CAUSAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Na nossa discuss&amp;atilde;o sobre a medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de dist&amp;acirc;ncias com certeza que ficou alertado para alguns dos poss&amp;iacute;veis problemas. Chegou a altura de aprofundarmos toda esta quest&amp;atilde;o.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os erros que afectam as observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es GPS podem ter v&amp;aacute;rias origens:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;ERROS DEPENDENTES DOS SAT&amp;Eacute;LITES &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Erros nos rel&amp;oacute;gios dos sat&amp;eacute;lites&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Embora os rel&amp;oacute;gios dos sat&amp;eacute;lites sejam muito precisos (cada sat&amp;eacute;lite cont&amp;eacute;m quatro rel&amp;oacute;gios at&amp;oacute;micos, dois de rubidium e dois de c&amp;eacute;sio), n&amp;atilde;o s&amp;atilde;o perfeitos. Posso-lhe avan&amp;ccedil;ar que apenas um nanosegundo de erro, ou seja 0,000 000 001 s, resulta num erro de cerca de 30 cm na medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da dist&amp;acirc;ncia para um sat&amp;eacute;lite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Para que os rel&amp;oacute;gios se mantenham o mais precisos poss&amp;iacute;vel e para que a distancia seja medida mais correctamente, a sua marcha necessita de ser continuamente determinada pelas esta&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de controlo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Erros nas efem&amp;eacute;rides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;J&amp;aacute; sabemos que a precis&amp;atilde;o da nossa posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o depende da precis&amp;atilde;o com que sabemos a localiza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o dos sat&amp;eacute;lites (os nossos pontos de refer&amp;ecirc;ncia). O departamento de defesa dos estados unidos (US DoD), coloca cada sat&amp;eacute;lite numa orbita muito precisa, sendo a sua orbita muito previs&amp;iacute;vel por um modelo matem&amp;aacute;tico bastante rigoroso. No entanto o insuficiente conhecimento do campo grav&amp;iacute;tico terrestre, as for&amp;ccedil;as gravitacionais da Lua e do Sol e o atrito remanescente da atmosfera terrestre bem como a press&amp;atilde;o das radia&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es solares nos sat&amp;eacute;lites provoca varia&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es nas suas orbitas, dai que elas sejam constantemente monitorizadas pelas esta&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de rastreio na Terra. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Acesso selectivo (SA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;O SA antes de ser desactivado em Maio de 2000, tamb&amp;eacute;m limitava a precis&amp;atilde;o do sistema para os utilizadores do SPS. O c&amp;oacute;digo C/A idealizado para dar uma precis&amp;atilde;o de 30 metros via a sua precis&amp;atilde;o original reduzida para 100 metros. O US DoD prometeu manter o SA desactivado pelo menos at&amp;eacute; 2006.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;ERROS DEPENDENTES DA ANTENA-RECEPTOR &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Erros nos rel&amp;oacute;gios dos receptores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Este erro &amp;eacute; semelhante ao erro provocado pelos rel&amp;oacute;gios dos sat&amp;eacute;lites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Multi-Trajeto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Na medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da dist&amp;acirc;ncia para cada sat&amp;eacute;lite, assumimos que o sinal do sat&amp;eacute;lite viaja directamente desde o sat&amp;eacute;lite at&amp;eacute; &amp;agrave; antena do receptor. Mas, em adi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o ao sinal, existem sinais reflectidos provocados por objectos que se encontram perto da antena e que interferem com o sinal verdadeiro. A este efeito chamou-se multi-trajecto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Este erro apenas afecta medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de alta precis&amp;atilde;o, a sua magnitude ronda os 50 cm. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Erros causados pela varia&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do centro de fase da antena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Estes erros s&amp;atilde;o fun&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da sua constru&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o. Dependem das caracter&amp;iacute;sticas da antena e do angulo da direc&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do sinal observado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Estas varia&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es podem atingir alguns cent&amp;iacute;metros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Ru&amp;iacute;do do Receptor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;O receptor GPS n&amp;atilde;o &amp;eacute; perfeito e tem as suas limita&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es. Ele est&amp;aacute; limitado &amp;agrave; sua pr&amp;oacute;pria precis&amp;atilde;o, ou seja ao desvio padr&amp;atilde;o associado a cada medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;ERROS DEPENDENTES DO MEIO DE PROPAGA&amp;Ccedil;&amp;Atilde;O &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Atrasos ionosf&amp;eacute;ricos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Ao medir a dist&amp;acirc;ncia para um sat&amp;eacute;lite, medimos o tempo que o sinal leva a chegar ao receptor e multiplicamos esse tempo pela velocidade da luz. O problema &amp;eacute; que a velocidade da luz varia sob as condi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es atmosf&amp;eacute;ricas. A camada mais alta da atmosfera, a ionosfera, contem part&amp;iacute;culas &quot;carregadas&quot; que atrasam o c&amp;oacute;digo e adiantam a fase. A magnitude deste efeito &amp;eacute; maior durante o dia do que de noite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Os atrasos ionosf&amp;eacute;ricos n&amp;atilde;o modelados podem afectar a precis&amp;atilde;o at&amp;eacute; 10 metros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Atraso troposf&amp;eacute;rico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Ao passar pela camada mais baixa da atmosfera - a troposfera, o sinal tamb&amp;eacute;m sofre um atraso na fase e no c&amp;oacute;digo. Este atraso &amp;eacute; causado por duas componentes (componente seca e h&amp;uacute;mida). O principal problema relaciona-se com a componente h&amp;uacute;mida (vapor de &amp;aacute;gua).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;FONTES DE ERRO: SOLU&amp;Ccedil;&amp;Otilde;ES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Apesar de o SA j&amp;aacute; ter sido desativado, a precis&amp;atilde;o actual de 10-20 metros continua a ser insuficiente para muitas das aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es civis. Desde o inicio do GPS, muitos m&amp;eacute;todos tem sido (e continuam a ser) desenvolvidos para reduzir os erros e aumentar a precis&amp;atilde;o.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Todos esses m&amp;eacute;todos s&amp;atilde;o baseados no posicionamento relativo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;POSICIONAMENTO RELATIVO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Suponhamos que temos dois receptores localizados n&amp;atilde;o muito longe um do outro. Os erros dos rel&amp;oacute;gios dos sat&amp;eacute;lites, das efem&amp;eacute;rides, dos atrasos ionosf&amp;eacute;rico e troposferico afectam ambos os receptores em propor&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es id&amp;ecirc;nticas. O princ&amp;iacute;pio do posicionamento relativo &amp;eacute; que esses erros se cancelam na maior parte quando se trabalha com diferen&amp;ccedil;as.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Se soubermos as coordenadas de um ponto A e se observarmos o vector dX, dy, dZ que liga os pontos A-B podemos determinar as coordenadas de B relativas a A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Este m&amp;eacute;todo &amp;eacute; a solu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o para o problema dos erros do sistema. Quando trabalhamos com posicionamentos relativos podemos utilizar t&amp;eacute;cnicas que permitem modelar quase todos os erros excepto o multi-trajecto e o ru&amp;iacute;do do receptor: diferen&amp;ccedil;as de observ&amp;aacute;veis e combina&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es lineares de observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Este m&amp;eacute;todo permite alcan&amp;ccedil;ar grandes precis&amp;otilde;es e &amp;eacute; utilizado em trabalhos de Geodesia e Topografia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;M&amp;Eacute;TODOS DE POSICIONAMENTO GPS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Existem v&amp;aacute;rios m&amp;eacute;todos de posicionamento relativo, ou seja, m&amp;eacute;todos que envolvem sempre mais que um receptor a observar em simult&amp;acirc;neo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto auto auto 11.7pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 29.15pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 95.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.15pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.15pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;C&amp;aacute;lculo em: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.15pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Designa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 135pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.15pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Precis&amp;atilde;o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 29.05pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 95.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;C&amp;oacute;digo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;P&amp;oacute;s-processamento &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;DGPS em P&amp;oacute;s-processamento &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 135pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Desde &amp;lt;1 m at&amp;eacute; ~10m &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 29.05pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 95.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;C&amp;oacute;digo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Tempo Real &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;DGPS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 135pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 29.05pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Desde &amp;lt;1 m at&amp;eacute; ~10m &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 58.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 95.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 58.25pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Fase &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 58.25pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;P&amp;oacute;s-processamento &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 58.25pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Est&amp;aacute;tico, R&amp;aacute;pido Est&amp;aacute;tico,Cinem&amp;aacute;tico Para-avan&amp;ccedil;a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 135pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 58.25pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Desde &amp;lt; 1 cm at&amp;eacute; alguns cent&amp;iacute;metros &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 43.65pt; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 95.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 43.65pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Fase &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 43.65pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Tempo Real &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 107.25pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 43.65pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;143&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;RTK &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; width: 135pt; padding-top: 0cm; height: 43.65pt; background-color: transparent; border: #e0dfe3;&quot; width=&quot;180&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; layout-grid-mode: char; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: BCKNCI+Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Desde &amp;lt; 1 cm at&amp;eacute; alguns cent&amp;iacute;metros &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Historicamente o posicionamento relativo s&amp;oacute; com c&amp;oacute;digo foi designado por DGPS (Differential GPS), no entanto existem autores que aplicam esta designa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o a posicionamentos com observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da fase, outros preferem designar o DGPS com fase por CPD (Carrier Phase Differential). Alerto o leitor a ter muito cuidado na interpreta&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o das v&amp;aacute;rias terminologias usadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O posicionamento relativo com fase em tempo real tem sido designado por RTK (Real-Time Kinematic). Para aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es sem ser em tempo real termos como posicionamento Est&amp;aacute;tico, R&amp;aacute;pido-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;est&amp;aacute;tico, cinem&amp;aacute;tico, pseudo-cinem&amp;aacute;tico ou para-avan&amp;ccedil;a podem ser usados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;DGPS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Se soubermos a localiza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de um receptor, podemos comparar os valores obtidos com os valores te&amp;oacute;ricos e deste modo calcular correc&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es &amp;agrave;s medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es as quais podem ser usadas para corrigir as medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es dos outros receptores que est&amp;atilde;o em pontos desconhecidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O receptor na posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o conhecida &amp;eacute; chamado receptor base ou de refer&amp;ecirc;ncia, o receptor ou receptores que est&amp;atilde;o em posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es desconhecidas s&amp;atilde;o chamados &amp;ldquo;rover&amp;rdquo;. O receptor de refer&amp;ecirc;ncia calcula as medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es para cada sat&amp;eacute;lite, baseando-se na sua posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o que &amp;eacute; conhecida e na localiza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o instant&amp;acirc;nea de cada sat&amp;eacute;lite. Depois compara os valores calculados com as medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es reais. A diferen&amp;ccedil;a entre esses valores d&amp;aacute;-nos a correc&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o para cada sat&amp;eacute;lite, a qual vai ser transmitida ao outro receptor. O rover pode ent&amp;atilde;o calcular a sua posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o com muito melhor precis&amp;atilde;o.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O DGPS &amp;eacute; baseado na medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da dist&amp;acirc;ncia receptor-sat&amp;eacute;lite atrav&amp;eacute;s da observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do c&amp;oacute;digo. Se as correc&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es forem transmitidas desde o receptor de refer&amp;ecirc;ncia para o(s) Rover(s) em tempo real (normalmente via r&amp;aacute;dio), ent&amp;atilde;o o sistema &amp;eacute; geralmente designado por DGPS ou DGPS em tempo Real.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Se n&amp;atilde;o necessitamos de trabalhar em tempo real as medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es da base e do rover s&amp;atilde;o gravadas e mais tarde transferidas para um computador para depois ser efetuado o c&amp;aacute;lculo. Esta t&amp;eacute;cnica &amp;eacute; usualmente designada por DGPS em p&amp;oacute;s-processamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Neste m&amp;eacute;todos de posicionamento baseados na observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do c&amp;oacute;digo os resultados s&amp;atilde;o instant&amp;acirc;neos mas n&amp;atilde;o s&amp;atilde;o precisos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;RTK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O RTK (Real-Time Kinematic), &amp;eacute; baseado na medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da dist&amp;acirc;ncia receptor-sat&amp;eacute;lite atrav&amp;eacute;s da fase da onda portadora. A maior dificuldade desta t&amp;eacute;cnica &amp;eacute; o desconhecimento do numero de ciclos completos decorridos desde que o sinal deixou o sat&amp;eacute;lite at&amp;eacute; ao instante de sintonia (ambig&amp;uuml;idade de ciclo). Temos ent&amp;atilde;o que esperar alguns minutos at&amp;eacute; que o receptor consiga resolver a ambiguidade de ciclo de cada par receptor-sat&amp;eacute;lite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Depois do receptor resolver as ambig&amp;uuml;idades correctamente, a precis&amp;atilde;o da cada posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o calculada situa-se entre 0.5 cm a 2 cm na horizontal e de 1 a 3 cm na vertical + 1 ppm para um receptor de dupla frequ&amp;ecirc;ncia e + 2 ppm para um receptor de uma frequ&amp;ecirc;ncia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;EST&amp;Aacute;TICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&amp;Eacute; o m&amp;eacute;todo de posicionamento que permite obter maior precis&amp;atilde;o. &amp;Eacute; geralmente utilizada para medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de bases longas, redes geod&amp;eacute;sicas, tect&amp;ocirc;nicas de placas etc. Neste m&amp;eacute;todo os receptores permanecem fixos durante um certo per&amp;iacute;odo de tempo (nunca menos de 1 hora para bases cujo comprimento ronde os 20 km).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;R&amp;Aacute;PIDO-EST&amp;Aacute;TICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Usado para estabelecer redes locais de controlo, adensamento de redes etc. Corresponde a uma sess&amp;atilde;o est&amp;aacute;tica de curta dura&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o (de 5 a 20 minutos). &amp;Eacute; Bastante preciso em bases de comprimento at&amp;eacute; 20 km, e muito mais r&amp;aacute;pido que o posicionamento est&amp;aacute;tico. O principal problema deste m&amp;eacute;todo de posicionamento reside na resolu&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o das ambig&amp;uuml;idades. Estas s&amp;atilde;o resolvidas atrav&amp;eacute;s da t&amp;eacute;cnica &quot;On The Fly&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;CINEM&amp;Aacute;TICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Usado medi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de v&amp;aacute;rios pontos sucessivamente. &amp;Eacute; um m&amp;eacute;todo bastante eficaz de medir v&amp;aacute;rios pontos pr&amp;oacute;ximos entre si. O receptor n&amp;atilde;o fica em modo est&amp;aacute;tico em qualquer per&amp;iacute;odo da sess&amp;atilde;o. Contudo, no caso de existirem elementos que obstruam a trajet&amp;oacute;ria do sinal (pontes, &amp;aacute;rvores, edif&amp;iacute;cios altos etc.) e menos de 4 sat&amp;eacute;lites vis&amp;iacute;veis, &amp;eacute; necess&amp;aacute;ria uma reinicializa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o que pode demorar 5-10 minutos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;PSEUDOCINEM&amp;Aacute;TICO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Id&amp;ecirc;ntico ao r&amp;aacute;pido-est&amp;aacute;tico, mas requerendo um segundo estacionamento em cada ponto, ap&amp;oacute;s um intervalo de tempo que permita uma geometria de observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o diferente. Serve este&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;procedimento para tornar poss&amp;iacute;vel a liga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o da fase entre as duas sess&amp;otilde;es, equivalendo a um posicionamento est&amp;aacute;tico, mas com uma grande lacuna de observa&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es. O operador pode aproveitar o tempo entre a primeira e a segunda sess&amp;atilde;o para estacionar nos restantes pontos, o que torna este m&amp;eacute;todo bastante eficaz ao n&amp;iacute;vel de tempo e conseq&amp;uuml;entemente a n&amp;iacute;vel econ&amp;ocirc;mico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;P&amp;Aacute;RA-AVAN&amp;Ccedil;A (stop and go)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Este m&amp;eacute;todo de posicionamento consiste em transportar um receptor a todos os pontos a observar, efetuando breves paragens (alguns segundos), nas posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de maior interesse. Uma &amp;eacute;poca, em principio, permite determinar as coordenadas de cada esta&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o. Uma vez que o requisito b&amp;aacute;sico deste m&amp;eacute;todo &amp;eacute; que as ambig&amp;uuml;idades sejam determinadas antes de se iniciar o posicionamento, o receptor deve ser transportado cuidadosamente por forma a n&amp;atilde;o obstruir o sinal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;APLICA&amp;Ccedil;&amp;Otilde;ES GPS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Embora o GPS tenha sido desenvolvido para ir ao encontro das necessidades militares, logo foram desenvolvidas t&amp;eacute;cnicas capazes de o tornar &amp;uacute;til para a comunidade civil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em seguida est&amp;atilde;o apresentadas algumas aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es no intuito de dar uma vis&amp;atilde;o global das potencialidades do GPS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;GPS APLICADO AOS TRANSPORTES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A liga&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o do GPS com o SIG (Sistemas de Informa&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o Geogr&amp;aacute;fica) gerou um grande interesse por parte do mundo empresarial ligado ao sector do transporte de mercadorias. J&amp;aacute; muitas empresas adoptaram sistemas conjuntos GPS/SIG para fazer gest&amp;atilde;o e monitoriza&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de frotas,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Como exemplo de uma aplica&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o GPS aos transportes, temos um sistema que a conhecida empresa de aluguel de autom&amp;oacute;veis (Hertz) est&amp;aacute; a utilizar chamado &amp;ldquo;Hertz NeverLost&amp;rdquo;. Este sistema foi desenvolvido pela Rockwell Automotive e permite localizar um veiculo em qualquer lugar geogr&amp;aacute;fico. Este sistema equipa alguns ve&amp;iacute;culos e est&amp;aacute; posicionado entre o condutor e o passageiro do banco da frente do autom&amp;oacute;vel. O sistema funciona da seguinte forma: o condutor (ou o passageiro do lado) escolhe no &amp;eacute;cran o destino pretendido, e o &amp;ldquo;NeverLost&amp;rdquo; calcula a rota dando depois indica&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es visuais e verbais como &amp;ldquo;vire &amp;agrave; direita, &amp;ldquo;v&amp;aacute; em frente&amp;rdquo;, etc. Se por acaso o condutor se enganar no caminho o sistema pode recalcular a rota dando caminhos alternativos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;APLICA&amp;Ccedil;&amp;Otilde;ES GPS NO DESPORTO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em 12 de setembro de 1992, foi realizada uma corrida de bal&amp;otilde;es transatl&amp;acirc;ntica. Cinco bal&amp;otilde;es com tripula&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o de diferentes pa&amp;iacute;ses participaram na corrida que se iniciou na Am&amp;eacute;rica do Norte e terminou no continente Europeu. Dois receptores GPS Garmin Model 100 foram levados em cada bal&amp;atilde;o. Os receptores foram usados para ajudar na navega&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o e para verificar os recordes do mundo. Em adi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o, as informa&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de dire&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o e velocidade dadas pelo GPS ajudavam &amp;agrave;s tripula&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es identificar as correntes de ar, e as informa&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es de posi&amp;ccedil;&amp;atilde;o permitiam aos salva-vidas encontrar rapidamente as tripula&amp;ccedil;&amp;otilde;es em perigo devido &amp;agrave;s descidas r&amp;aacute;pidas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O GPS tamb&amp;eacute;m j&amp;aacute; &amp;eacute; indispens&amp;aacute;vel n&amp;atilde;o s&amp;oacute; nos grandes ralis como o Granada-Dakar, como tamb&amp;eacute;m nos raides nacionais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot; value=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;GPS APLICADO &amp;Agrave; PROTEC&amp;Ccedi</summary>    </entry></feed>